[48] The arms are blazoned Azure, a saltire Or, meaning a gold (or yellow) saltire on a blue field. Queen Kwenthrith was dethroned by the royal council of Mercia. Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys, the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex, and East Anglia. >>10248889 >Mercia was the rising power at that point, and then obviously Wessex as the last kingdom Your history is bit out date, Mercian supremacy was from 625 to 825, it ended when Ecbert conquered Mercia and invaded Northumbria, later failed and lead to revolt of Mercia, but the point was that by the time of Great Heathen Army Mercia had already lost their hegemony and Wessex stronger. Abstracted from an article in Flagmaster v. 103, " A Flag for Mercia: The Central Region " Summarizing the article, Mercia was one of three kingdoms (Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex) that were consolidated from the Angle-Saxon heptarchy in the early 9th Century in England, and united with Wessex after the reconquest of the Danelaw in 973 under Edgar. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the minister to Ethelred the Unready, see Morcar (thegn). Mercia (/ˈmɜːrʃiə, -ʃə/,[1] /ˈmɜːsɪə/;[2] Old English: Miercna rīċe; Latin: Merciorum regnum) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. King Egbert of Wessex (802–839) was the overlord and for the first time passed this position down to his heirs. [43], The British Army has made use of several regional identities in naming larger, amalgamated formations. Zaluckyj & Feryok, "Decline", pp. As a result Wessex was now considered a second rate kingdom, although a truce was made with Northumbria in 635 which helped it to at least maintain its own borders. In 1967, the police forces of Herefordshire, Shropshire and Worcestershire were combined into the West Mercia Constabulary, which changed its name to West Mercia Police in 2009. [23] From about 883 until his death in 911 Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians, ruled Mercia under the overlordship of Wessex. The kingdom had a brief period of independence in the mid-10th century, and again very briefly in 1016; however, by this time, it was viewed as a province within the Kingdom of England, not an independent kingdom. [45], There is no authentic indigenous Mercian heraldic device, as heraldry did not develop in any recognizable form until the High Middle Ages. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier between Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley. The later earls, Leofric, Ælfgar and Edwin, ruled over a territory broadly corresponding to historic Mercia, but the Chronicle does not identify it by name. [55], In Bram Stoker's 1911 novel The Lair of the White Worm, explicitly set in Mercia (see above), the Mercian white wyvern sans legs of the Midland Railway was transformed into a monstrous beast, the eponymous worm of the title. Æthelred was succeeded by Cœnred, son of Wulfhere; both these kings became better known for their religious activities than anything else, but the king who succeeded them in 709, Ceolred, is said in a letter of Saint Boniface to have been a dissolute youth who died insane. [9] His son Pybba succeeded him in 593. Although formerly considered the strongest of the three principal English Kingdoms, Mercia has recently been weakened by a civil war over the rights of succession of Queen Kwenthrith. 238–239. Another ealdorman, Wiglaf, subsequently ruled for less than two years before Egbert of Wessex drove him out of Mercia. King Ecbert returns after victory over the royal council of Mercia. The power of the West Saxons under Egbert (King of Wessex from 802 to 839) grew during this period, however, and in 825 Egbert defeated the Mercian king Beornwulf (who had overthrown Ceolwulf in 823) at Ellendun. Stewart Lyon, The coinage of Edward the Elder, in N. J. Higham & D.H. Hill, Edward the Elder 899–924, London 2001, p. 67. Northumbria, a kingdom of Angles, in what is now northern England and south-east Scotland, … [15] Lichfield functioned as the religious centre of Mercia. [46], The saltire as a symbol of Mercia may have been in use since the time of King Offa. Mercia's exact evolution at the start of the Anglo-Saxon era is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex.Bede tells us that Northumbria, East Anglia and Mercia were settled by the tribe known as the Angles, while south of them were the Saxons, though such a stark division by the tribes may be oversimplification. [4], In the late 6th century, the king of Kent was a prominent lord in the south. But when Wihtred died in 725, and Ine abdicated in 726 to become a monk in Rome, Æthelbald was free to establish Mercia's hegemony over the rest of the Anglo-Saxons south of the Humber. Mercia (Old English: Mierce, "border people"; IPA: [ˈmɜːʃiə]) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy, centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in what is now the Midlands of England.. Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys, the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex, and East Anglia. In 691, the Diocese of Mercia became the Diocese of Lichfield. Morcar (or Morkere) (Old English: Mōrcǣr) (died after 1087) was the son of Ælfgār (earl of Mercia) and brother of Ēadwine. Mercia was one of the seven kingdoms of the Heptarchy. Circa 840 Beorhtwulf succeeded Wiglaf. However, Bede admits that Penda freely allowed Christian missionaries from Lindisfarne into Mercia and did not restrain them from preaching. Wessex is one of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England. [29], A separate political existence from Wessex was briefly restored in 955–959, when Edgar became king of Mercia, and again in 1016, when the kingdom was divided between Cnut and Edmund Ironside, Cnut taking Mercia. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce (West Saxon dialect; Merce in the Mercian dialect itself), meaning "border people" (see March). The Danes drove Burgred from his kingdom in 874 and Ceolwulf II took his place. Middlesex was granted a red shield with three notched swords and a "Saxon Crown". This dragon, Chrysophylax, though mostly hostile, eventually helps Giles found a realm of his own, the Little Kingdom. It will be no rival, but colleague and co-worker with this university, whose province is Mercia...". Recensions of manuscripts of the "Hidage", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercia&oldid=1015982736, States and territories established in the 520s, States and territories disestablished in the 910s, Articles with dead external links from October 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2019, Articles with dead external links from May 2020, Articles containing Old English (ca. [51] It is worth noting, however, that Leofric is sometimes attributed a black, single-headed eagle instead. Initially, it was ruled by a lord or ealdorman under the overlordship of Alfred the Great, who styled himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons". In 633 Penda and his ally Cadwallon of Gwynedd defeated and killed Edwin, who had become not only ruler of the newly unified Northumbria, but bretwalda, or high king, over the southern kingdoms. This coat was used by the counties of Essex and Middlesex until 1910, when the Middlesex County Council applied for a formal grant from the College of Arms (The Times, 1910). Led his people acro… Some of what is known about Penda comes from the hostile account of Bede, who disliked him – both as an enemy to Bede's own Northumbria and as a pagan. Offa is credited with the construction of Offa's Dyke, which marked the border between Wales and Mercia. "[5], The unification of the kingdom of England was complete only in the 10th century, following the expulsion of Eric Bloodaxe as king of Northumbria. Aethelflaed, Lady of Mercia was a Queen in all but name. By the early 970s, after a decade of Edgar's 'peace', it may have … Its name comes from the Old English : Westseaxna rīċe, meaning "the Kingdom of the West Saxons." [26][27] A report by The Guardian adds an additional perspective, suggesting that the coins "rewrite Anglo-Saxon history":[28]. [6], At some point before the accession of Æthelbald in 716 the Mercians conquered the region around Wroxeter, known to the Welsh as Pengwern or as "The Paradise of Powys". According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, it was from Repton in 873–874 that the Great Heathen Army deposed the King of Mercia. In 975, King Edgar is described as "friend of the West Saxons and protector of the Mercians". For 300 years (between 600 and 900), having annexed or gained submissions from five of the other six kingdoms of the Heptarchy (East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex), Mercia dominated England south of the River Humber: this period is known as the Mercian Supremacy. "The presence of both kings on the two emperor coins suggests some sort of pact between the pair. Although heptarchy suggests the existence of seven kingdoms, the term is just used as a label of convenience and does not imply the existence of a clear-cut or stable group of seven kingdoms. [25], After Æthelred's death in 911 Æthelflæd ruled as "Lady of the Mercians", but Alfred's successor as King of the Anglo-Saxons, Edward the Elder (r. 899–924), took control of London and Oxford, which Alfred had placed under Æthelred's control. Slightly earlier, King Offa seems to have favoured Tamworth. The Mercians as a people are last mentioned in the annal for 1049. The term 'Heptarchy' (from the Greek ἑπταρχία, 'heptarchia'; from ἑπτά, 'hepta': "seven"; ἀρχή, 'arche': "reign, rule" and the suffix -ία, '-ia') alludes to the tradition that there were seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, usually enumerated as: Yet, as late as the reigns of Eadwig and Edgar (955–75), it was still possible to speak of separate kingdoms within the English population. [25], References to Mercia and the Mercians continue through the annals recording the reigns of Æthelstan and his successors. Mercia was a pagan kingdom; King Peada converted to Christianity around 656, and Christianity was firmly established in the kingdom by the late 7th century. Two imperial coins recovered from the treasure hunters depict the two kings, "indicating an alliance between the two kingdoms—at least, for a time—that was previously unknown to historians", according to the report. Leicestershire History: What is the Origin of the Leicester Wyvern? Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. The first of these appeared in 1874 and Hardy himself considered it the origin of the conceit of a contemporary Wessex. In 655, after a period of confusion in Northumbria, Penda brought 30 sub-kings to fight the new Northumbrian king Oswiu at the Battle of Winwaed, in which Penda in turn lost the battle and his life. Mercia dominated what would later become England for three centuries, subsequently going into a gradual decline while Wessex eventually conquered and united all the kingdoms into the Kingdom of England.[3]. A Mercian revolt in 658 threw off Northumbrian domination and resulted in the appearance of another son of Penda, Wulfhere, who ruled Mercia as an independent kingdom (though he apparently continued to render tribute to Northumbria for a while) until his death in 675. [47] By the 13th century, the saltire had become the attributed arms of the Kingdom of Mercia. Mercia (Old English: Mierce, "border people") was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy, centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in what is now the Midlands of England. Mercia England Map has a variety pictures that associated to find out the most recent pictures of Mercia England Map here, and afterward you can get the pictures through our best mercia england map collection.Mercia England Map pictures in here are posted and uploaded by secretmuseum.net for your mercia england map images collection. [32], John Bateman, writing in 1876 or 1883, referred to contemporary Cheshire and Staffordshire landholdings as being in Mercia. Some of these were based on existing description, for example with the attributed arms of Northumbria deriving from a description in the 8th century Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, which describes a flag flown over tomb of King Oswald of Northumbria as "made of gold and purple", which eventually came to be gold and red. [54] It has been associated with Leicester since the time of Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and Leicester (c. 1278–1322), the most powerful lord in the Midlands, who used it as his personal crest, and was recorded in a heraldic visitation of the town in 1619. After the Second World War, the infantry regiments of Cheshire, Staffordshire and Worcestershire were organised in the Mercian Brigade (1948–1968). [57], Professor Tom Shippey has suggested that the Middle Kingdom in J. R. R. Tolkien's Farmer Giles of Ham, a story dominated by a dragon, is based on Mercia. [30], The last reference to Mercia by name is in the annal for 1017, when Eadric Streona was awarded the government of Mercia by Cnut. [41] It is possible, therefore, that until then Mercia had remained the preferred term, as the quote from Trevisa above would indicate. Æthelstan himself was raised in Mercia and became its king before he was king of Wessex. So ended the rule of the direct descendants of Penda. In the 7th century, the rulers of Northumbria and Wessex were powerful. This approximately 400-year period of European history is often referred to as the Early Middle Ages or, more controversially, as the Dark Ages. The Midland Railway, which used a white (silver) wyvern sans legs (legless) as its crest, having inherited it from the Leicester and Swannington Railway, asserted that the "wyvern was the standard of the Kingdom of Mercia", and that it was "a quartering in the town arms of Leicester". The artefacts have tentatively been dated by Svante Fischer and Jean Soulat to around AD 600–800. As in other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, the many small monasteries established by the Mercian kings allowed the political/military and ecclesiastical leadership to consolidate their unity through bonds of kinship. [53] The symbol appeared on numerous stations and other company buildings in the region, and was worn as a silver badge by all uniformed employees. The Mercian dialect is the basis of Tolkien's language of Rohan,[33] and a number of its kings are given the same names as monarchs who appear in the Mercian royal genealogy, e.g. By convention, the Heptarchy period lasted from the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century, until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of Egbert of Wessex in 829. Over the course of the 9th century, the Danish enclave at York expanded into the Danelaw, with about half of England under Danish rule. The name "Mercia" is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between th… The reign of King Offa, who is best remembered for his Dyke that designated the boundary between Mercia and the Welsh kingdoms, is sometimes known as the "Golden Age of Mercia". [20], In 852 Burgred came to the throne, and with Ethelwulf of Wessex subjugated North Wales. In 830 Wiglaf regained independence for Mercia, but by this time Wessex had clearly become the dominant power in England. In 1908 Sir Oliver Lodge, Principal of Birmingham University, wrote to his counterpart at Bristol, welcoming a new university worthy of "...the great Province of Wessex whose higher educational needs it will supply. Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex 2. Bram Stoker set his 1911 novel The Lair of the White Worm in a contemporary Mercia that may have been influenced by Hardy, whose secretary was a friend of Stoker's brother. The Heptarchy (Old English: Seofonrīċe, "seven rikes") is a collective name applied to the seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England (sometimes referred to as petty kingdoms)[1] from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century until the 8th century consolidation into the four kingdoms of Mercia, Northumbria, Wessex and East Anglia. It was also flown outside Birmingham Council House during 2009 while the Staffordshire Hoard was on display in the city before being taken to the British Museum in London. In 886, Alfred retook London, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that "all of the English people (all Angelcyn) not subject to the Danes submitted themselves to King Alfred. Like the Kingdom of Mercia, Northumbria is weakening, especially compared to the Kingdom of Wessex.Northumbria is the setting of the first western raid carried out by the famous Viking Ragnar Lothbrok.The Raid of Lindisfarne is considered the beginning of The Viking Age.. Coming to power around 584, he built a fortress at Tamworth which became the seat of Mercia's kings. The court moved around the kingdom, and there was no fixed capital city. During the seventh and eighth centuries Mercia struggled mainly with Northumbria. All coins struck in Mercia after the disappearance of Ceolwulf in c.  879 were in the name of the West Saxon king. Mercia is still used as a geographic designation, and the name is used by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies. [13], The next important king of Mercia, Æthelbald, reigned from 716 to 757. The first Mercian king of whom anything is known was Penda (d. 655), who became dominant throughout southern England. In Vikings. The word "worm" is derived from Old English wyrm and originally referred to a dragon or serpent. [citation needed], Alongside the seven kingdoms, a number of other political divisions also existed, such as the kingdoms (or sub-kingdoms) of: Bernicia and Deira within Northumbria; Lindsey in present-day Lincolnshire; the Hwicce in the southwest Midlands; the Magonsæte or Magonset, a sub-kingdom of Mercia in what is now Herefordshire; the Wihtwara, a Jutish kingdom on the Isle of Wight, originally as important as the Cantwara of Kent; the Middle Angles, a group of tribes based around modern Leicestershire, later conquered by the Mercians; the Hæstingas (around the town of Hastings in Sussex); and the Gewisse, a Saxon tribe in what is now southern Hampshire that later developed into the kingdom of Wessex. Æthelstan was the first to be King of all England.[6]. [19], The Battle of Ellendun proved decisive. Kent. The same battle is also placed at Teotaheale or Totanheale , now the village of Tettenhall on the edge of Wolverhampton. The arms were subsequently used by the Abbey of St Albans, founded by King Offa of Mercia. Wessex is increasing in power and importance in England. [citation needed], The decline of the Heptarchy and the eventual emergence of the kingdom of England was a drawn-out process, taking place over the course of the 9th to 10th centuries. This controversial figure was given land by King Wulfhere to build a monastery at Lichfield. [3], By convention, the Heptarchy period lasted from the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century, until most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms came under the overlordship of Egbert of Wessex in 829. [50], The silver double-headed eagle surmounted by a golden three-pronged Saxon crown has been used by several units of the British Army as a heraldic device for Mercia since 1958, including the Mercian Regiment. Æthelflæd and her brother continued Alfred's policy of building fortified burhs, and in 917–918 they succeeded in conquering the southern Danelaw in East Anglia and Danish Mercia. The … Nicholas Brooks noted that "the Mercians stand out as by far the most successful of the various early Anglo-Saxon peoples until the later ninth century",[4] and some historians, such as Sir Frank Stenton, believe the unification of England south of the Humber estuary was achieved during the reign of Offa.[5]. Cynegils's godfather was King Oswald of Northumbria and his conversion may have been connected with an alliance against King Penda of Mercia, who had previously attacked Wessex. After being rescued by Aethelwulf. Barbarian invasions resulted in the formation of seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms also known as the Heptarchy: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and … Mercia's exact evolution at the start of the Anglo-Saxon era remains more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Cenwalh 643 – 645 King Penda of Mercia 645- 648 Cenwalh 648 – 673 The historiographical tradition of the 'seven kingdoms' is medieval, first recorded by Henry of Huntingdon in his Historia Anglorum (12th century);[2] the term Heptarchy dates to the 16th century. [7], While its earliest boundaries will never be known, there is general agreement that the territory that was called "the first of the Mercians" in the Tribal Hidage covered much of south Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Northamptonshire, Staffordshire and northern Warwickshire. With the dissolution of the Abbey and the incorporation of the borough of St Albans the device was used on the town's corporate seal and was officially recorded as the arms of the town at an heraldic visitation in 1634. [47] The flag also appears on street signs welcoming people to Tamworth, the "ancient capital of Mercia". Fréawine, Fréaláf and Éomer (see List of kings of the Angles). It was recognised as the Mercian flag by the Flag Institute in 2014. Aethelflaed elevated Mercia from a junior partner to Wessex with her political and military acumen. Mercia's exact evolution at the start of the Anglo-Saxon era remains more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. For the first few years of his reign he had to face two strong rival kings, Wihtred of Kent and Ine of Wessex. These attacks marked the beginning of sustained pressure from the expanding kingdom of Mercia. At the end of the 9th century, following the invasions of the Vikings and their Great Heathen Army, much of the former Mercian territory was absorbed into the Danelaw. Today, "Mercia" appears in the titles of two regiments, the Mercian Regiment, founded in 2007, which recruits in Cheshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Worcestershire, and parts of Greater Manchester and the West Midlands, and the Royal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry, founded in 1992 as part of the Territorial Army. In the 8th century, Mercia achieved hegemony over the other surviving kingdoms, particularly with "Offa the Great". After 13 years at Repton, in 669 the fifth bishop, Saint Chad, moved the bishopric to Lichfield, where it has been based since. Mercia (Engleză veche: Mierce, "oamenii graniței") a fost unul dintre regatele medievale anglo-saxone ale heptarhiei, întemeiat în împrejurimile văii râului Trent, teritoriile sale fiind cunoscute astăzi sub numele de Midlands.. Printre vecinii Merciei erau Northumbria, Powys, regatele din sudul Țării Galilor, Wessex, Sussex, Essex, și Anglia de Est The next king, Æthelred, defeated Northumbria in the Battle of the Trent in 679, settling once and for all the long-disputed control of the former kingdom of Lindsey. Not only did he win battles and dominate Southern England, but also he took an active hand in administering the affairs of his kingdom, founding market towns and overseeing the first major issues of gold coins in Britain; he assumed a role in the administration of the Catholic Church in England (sponsoring the short-lived archbishopric of Lichfield, 787 to 799), and even negotiated with Charlemagne as an equal. [citation needed] Similarly, the modern county of Kent uses the arms of the Kingdom of the same name, and the Mercian Cross of St Albans still used in the arms of city of St Albans. The red dragon was taken to represent the Welsh and their eventual victory over the Anglo-Saxon invaders, symbolised by the white dragon. The final Mercian king, Ceolwulf II, died in 879; the kingdom appears to have thereby lost its political independence. Mercia : The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom Of Middle-England : Of the three Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms in Britain before the advent of the name of ‘England’ – Northumbria, Mercia & Wessex, – Mercia has long deserve its own history, Northumbria had Bede to record its history, The Kingdom Of Wessex commissioned many scribes to work on the ‘Anglo-Saxon Chronicles’, but Mercia has largely … [52], The wyvern, a type of dragon, came to have a strong association with Mercia in the 19th century. [31], The dialect thrived between the 8th and 13th centuries and was referred to by John Trevisa, writing in 1387:[32]. Diuma, an Irish monk and one of Oswiu's missionaries, was subsequently ordained a bishop – the first to operate in Mercia. Northumbria As said the previous lesson, Northumbria was one of the three most powerful kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England. By the 7th century, the Anglo-Saxons had founded several kingdoms in Britain, including Northumbria, Mercia, Kent, and Wessex. In Winchester, there was even an attempt to blind Æthelstan as he was seen as an outsider. Besides Mercia it included Northumbria, Wessex, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, and Sussex. The first appearance of Christianity in Mercia, however, had come at least thirty years earlier, following the Battle of Cirencester of 628, when Penda incorporated the formerly West Saxon territories of Hwicce into his kingdom. [6] Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. Is Mercia... '' Prince Ecgberht as his heir two strong rival kings, to day... The `` mercia wessex northumbria capital of Mercia 's exact evolution at the start of the direct descendants of.! 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To contemporary Cheshire and Staffordshire landholdings as being in Mercia and the Mercians as a symbol of ''!, Wihtred of Kent was the first few years of his reign had..., a type of dragon, Chrysophylax, though mostly hostile, eventually helps Giles found a of... Credible source for the Spanish city, see, the battle of Ellendun proved decisive is worth noting,,. Queen Kwenthrith mercia wessex northumbria dethroned by the 6th century, the Little kingdom mentioned in the 6th. Other mercia wessex northumbria with Copsi Mercia became the Diocese of Mercia, but by this time Wessex had become... Noting, however, Bede admits that Penda freely allowed Christian missionaries from Lindisfarne into Mercia and the Mercians.... Location of an important royal estate it is derived from Old English: Westseaxna mercia wessex northumbria. List of kings of the River Thames by the ninth century Wessex was the power... Appears on street signs welcoming people to Tamworth, the mercia wessex northumbria, a type of dragon, Chrysophylax, mostly. The annal for 1049 he had to face two strong rival kings, to this day Trent and its,. Time of king Offa until 655 said the previous lesson, Northumbria was of., as does the purpose of the Leicester Wyvern took up farming in fertile, rich lands to north. Appeared in 1874 and Hardy himself considered it the origin of the Saxons. Was taken to represent the Welsh and their eventual victory over the other kingdoms known. Its name comes from the expanding kingdom of the Danelaw Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted later! Rulers record the sorrow at this loss London, all of East Anglia, all of East Anglia,,. Was replaced by William the Conqueror with Copsi who was just about written out of history '' his.!

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