Until the mid-2000s, Indonesia’s teachers were able to practice with merely a diploma in education. Now both promotion and graduation are increasingly based on continual assessment and school-based examinations, although students continue to sit for the UN. Indonesians students are categorized as the happiest student in the world. The school year in Indonesia is divided into two semesters. Enrollments at upper-secondary private schools, on the other hand, decreased from 54 to 46 percent over the same time span, according to UIS data. (27.3 Ratio, rank 2/34 , 2018) Download Indicator, The number of students per teacher in secondary schools is one of the largest among OECD and partner countries with available data. Grades of Indonesia’s education according to level is Preschool, Primary School, Middle School, High School, and Post-Secondary Education. In 2013, BAN-PT had an estimated backlog of 20 percent in accreditation decisions, causing the organization to adopt “emergency measures” to “give institutions temporary accreditation at “C” level (the pass level) without any accreditation process.” Among accredited programs, public institutions tend to achieve far better results: While 40.6 of accredited programs at public HEIs received a rating of “A” in 2013, only 6.4 percent of programs at private institutions did. Education is also useful for building human characteristics early on. Private universities, polytechnics, and academies have different requirements and frequently conduct their own admissions examinations. Since the mid-2000s, Indonesia has implemented a broad range of education reforms, including the decentralization of parts of its school system, improvements in teacher training standards, and sizable increases in education spending (as a share of the national budget). The list can be sorted by level of education or by age group. Learning outcomes, as measured by test results in the OECD PISA study, show that students at public schools are better prepared. Private schools in Indonesia usually offer an international curriculum in combination with the local Indonesian curriculum, and classes are generally in English rather than Indonesian. To live up to its full economic potential, Indonesia needs to increase public spending, build up its infrastructure and bridge regional development gaps, curb corruption, provide stable and predictable governance, and raise living standards by investing in health care, education, and human capital development. Education for life, work and further learning in Indonesia Chapter 8. While institutions admit a number of top students directly based on their high school records (an admissions process called Seleksi Nasional Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri—SNMPTN), a more common pathway is the allocation of students to HEIs based on a centralized, joint entrance examination conducted under the purview of the MHRT—a process referred to as Seleksi Bersama Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri (SBMPTN). Admission usually requires an S1 degree in a related discipline with a minimum GPA of 2.5 (on a 4-point scale), but entrance examinations and demonstrated English language abilities may also be required. (1 %, rank 39/43 , 2019) Download Indicator, Indonesia has one of the smallest shares of 25-64 year-old women whose highest education level is a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree. 20 percent in member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and D, approximately 27 percent under the age of 15, ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework (AQRF), Sunni Islam’s most prestigious university, recent depreciation of the Indonesian rupiah against the U.S. dollar, Times Higher Education World University Ranking, Education in the United States of America, Photocopy of the degree certificate (Diploma, Sarjana, Magister, Doktor)—submitted by the applicant, Academic Transcript—sent directly by the institution attended, For completed doctoral programs, an official letter confirming the conferral of the degree—sent directly by the institution, Magister Manajemen (Master of Management). In 2017, 16% of 25-34 year-olds had a tertiary degree in Indonesia compared to 45% on average across OECD countries. Despite being the world’s fourth-largest country in terms of population, Indonesia was only the 22nd-largest sender of international students worldwide in 2017, making up less than 1 percent of the more than 5 million students studying abroad that year. Public institutions are generally highly selective. The pupil-to-teacher ratio has dropped from 20 to 1 to 16 to 1 in elementary education between 2004 and 2017, even though this ratio has remained flat if not decreased at higher levels of schooling (as per data from the UNESCO Institute of Statistics – UIS). Together, these three countries make up the study destinations of nearly 60 percent of all outbound Indonesian students. (1.1 %, rank 10/37 , 2017) Download Indicator, The average annual growth of the number of full-time equivalent students in tertiary education between 2012 and 2017 is one of the highest among OECD and partner countries with available data. education that tends to focus on values argumentation rather than the strategy to grow the values on the students. [5] When comparing international student numbers, it is important to note that numbers provided by different agencies and governments vary because of differences in data capture methodology, definitions of “international student,” and types of mobility captured (credit, degree, etc.). Note: Precise, word-for-word English translations are required for all academic documents not issued in English (or in French if applying in Canada). Admission is usually highly competitive. What are the choices facing first-time entrants to tertiary education? About 30,000 Indonesian students are pursuing higher education abroad, accounting for 1% of internationally mobile students. The Doktor is a research qualification that represents the highest academic credential in the Indonesian system. Modern education was introduced in Indonesia during the era of Dutch colonial rule, when traditional school systems like Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren) were supplemented with Dutch-language schools for the children of colonialists and local administrative elites, as well as village schools or “folk schools” for Indonesian commoners. S1 undergraduate programs in standard academic disciplines usually last four years (eight semesters) after upper-secondary school. Given the growing quality problems in the private sector, the MHRT in November 2018 announced that it would revoke the permits of some 1,000 private HEIs and gradually close and merge these institutions. The country spent 3.6 percent of its GDP on education in 2015, only marginally more than in 2008 when it spent 3.5 percent. The data of the UNESCO Institute Statistics provide the most reliable point of reference for comparison since it is compiled according to one standard method. There were 10,646 Indonesian degree students in the country in 2016 compared with 10,148 in 2004. They typically offer undergraduate programs in a particular area of study leading up to a four-year diploma (Diploma VI) or bachelor’s degree, although some institutions also offer graduate programs. Although public education is mostly secular and Indonesia is formally a secular state, Islamic education is highly prominent in Indonesia’s large private education sector. There have been some plans to make English mandatory at Indonesian universities, but these plans have not been realized as of today. Islamic schools are typically tied to Islamic mass organizations and are eligible for some form of government funding even if they are privately owned. The constitution stated that education in the country is … The Indonesian government plans to extend compulsory education to grade 12, but these plans have not yet been implemented due to the associated costs and other reasons. These schools teach foreign curricula and are clustered in major cities. Public education budgets in Indonesia have long been neglected. SMK is a Vocational High Schools are the formal schools of choice for many students in Indonesia. Both general academic and vocational programs can also be completed at Islamic senior secondary schools, called madrasah Aliyah (MA), or in the case of vocational programs, madrasah aliyah kejuruan (MAK). In practice, many elementary teachers held only a secondary school credential. (8.3 %, rank 1/42 , 2018) Download Indicator, The percentage of tertiary graduates in the field of engineering, manufacturing and construction is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. The specialty of the Vocational High School is how students will be prepared to work right away. It still has tremendous potential for further expansion, given that the country is already viewed as one of the world’s largest markets for mobile learning. One challenge is that curricula and textbooks are designed nationally in Jakarta, but teachers are trained locally in the regions. Together they enrolled approximately 11 percent of the total student population in 2013. The admissions rate in SNMPTN direct admissions stood at 19 percent in 2018. That said, the school system is still centrally steered by the MOE, which is responsible for curriculum development, the hiring of teachers, and national school examinations. This unfulfilled demand is likely to yield increases in tertiary enrollment rates in the long term, current unemployment rates among university graduates notwithstanding. Elementary school teachers required either a Diploma 2 or Diploma 3 kependidikan (education), whereas lower-secondary and upper-secondary school teachers needed at least a Diploma 3. The country is attractive to Indonesian students because of its “geographic proximity, perceived institutional quality, and English-medium instruction….” The Australian government’s easing of student visa requirements for Indonesia and other countries in 2012 has also helped attract students from the archipelago. Early Childhood Education and Development in Indonesia: Emerging Results and Proposed Analyses Mae Chu Chang and Amer Hasan World Bank - Jakarta Indonesia’s three largest ethnic groups are the Javanese (40.1 percent), primarily located on Java, the world’s most populated island and home to more than 50 percent of the total Indonesian population; the Sundanese (15.5 percent); and the Malays (3.7 percent). In 2002, newly democratic Indonesia inserted into its constitution a requirement that governments at all levels to … There may not be much incentive to obtain a tertiary degree—unemployment rates are highest among university-educated Indonesians. Tertiary attainment levels, likewise, are very low: The percentage of Indonesians over the age of 25 that had attained at least a bachelor’s degree in 2016 was just under 9 percent, the lowest of all the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Its territory spans more than 17,000 islands that stretch for 3,181 miles along the equator between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It lasts three years (grades 10 to 12) and is offered in different specialization streams in the general academic track. Given the rapid modernization of the country, the need for trained professionals in Indonesia has grown tremendously in recent years. Where there is education there must be learning. (72.5 %, rank 36/41 , 2018) Download Indicator, The enrolment rate of 6-14 year-olds in Indonesia is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. However, significant disparities persist between the sexes and between urban and rural regions. Students may transfer from Diploma programs into academic Sarjana programs and at some institutions may be admitted into S2 Magister programs in related disciplines. After completing the program, students sit for national examinations in both the general education subjects and the vocational subjects. The majority of elementary schools—more than 80 percent in 2010—are public, but private institutions play an important role in Indonesia’s school system, especially at the secondary level: 57 percent of schools at the lower-secondary level and 70 percent at the upper-secondary level were private in 2010, even though a majority of students were enrolled in public institutions. Even public HEIs rely increasingly on tuition fees to secure resources—a trend that recently caused the Indonesian parliament to amend the education law in order to limit the percentage of tuition fees in public university budgets to 30 percent. (0 %, rank 35/35 , 2019) Download Indicator, The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a master's or equivalent tertiary education degree is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. The ECEC workforce is at the heart of high-quality education. However, community academies can be privately owned as well, as long as they offer low-cost diploma programs in vocational fields of local relevance. Cross-cutting opportunities and challenges Chapter 7. [5], Furthermore, there are significant student movements to Egypt and Saudi Arabia, the latter being a major labor migration destination for Indonesian workers. Nowadays, it is not uncommon for Indonesian children to attend pesantrens, madrasahs (Islamic schools), or sekolahs Islam (modern Islamic schools). Polytechnics, on the other hand, generally offer shorter, employment-geared, vocational diploma programs. More than 1 million additional students graduated high school in 2012 when compared with 1999, and graduation rates are expected to … However, national exams have been deprioritized in recent years, and since 2015 no longer make up the mandatory core assessment criterion. Alongside the requirement that all HEIs have mandatory internal quality assurance centers, external program accreditation by BAN-PT remains the main tool of quality assurance until today, even though the accreditation process has undergone various changes. That said, this ratio remains far from the government’s goal of making senior secondary education universal for all Indonesian youth. This includes support to improve quality of education and skills of the population and promoting job-creating growth and ample access to social protection….”. This report provides guidance on how Indonesia can rise to this challenge. (0.1 %, rank 34/35 , 2019) Download Indicator, The share of 25-64 year-old women who attained a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is one of the smallest among countries with available data. Compulsory Education: Presidential Instruction Decree No. Students that receive a PISA score of level 1 are considered functionally illiterate as they can, for example, read a text but cannot answer questions related to it.”. Indonesia is potentially entering a demographic sweet spot, as around half of its population is currently under the age of 30. However, the nationwide implementation of this new curriculum has been delayed since many schools and teachers are not yet ready for the changes, so that most schools still teach the old curriculum. There are also informal education programs for students who cannot access the formal system or who dropped out. Home; Country Info; Profiles; Indonesia; Education; Definitions. After that, students can choose to enter senior high school, where they choose a study stream, such as languages or social sciences. Indonesia is presently the 19th-largest sending country of international students to the United States. The D4 is pegged at the same level as the S1 Sarjana in the Indonesian qualifications framework. While this trend, if it materializes, is expected to enable larger numbers of Indonesians of more limited financial means to enroll in Australian institutions, it may simultaneously stop other students from going to Australia, since they’ll be able to access Australian education in Indonesia. In Australia, the number of tertiary degree-seeking students as reported by the UIS has remained stable at around 10,000 over the past few years. Based on the evaluation by BAN-PT, programs are grouped into four categories: A (very good), B (good), C (satisfactory), or D (unsatisfactory). The tertiary gross enrollment ratio (GER) leaped by 20 percent between 2004 and 2017, despite being still low overall. Elementary education was introduced by the Dutch in Indonesia during the colonial era. The official age of entry is seven, but many pupils enter at the age of six. About 15 percent of all schools in Indonesia were sectarian institutions in 2014; the vast majority (300,000) were Islamic institutions under MORA, compared with less than 1,000 schools affiliated to other religions like Buddhism, Christianity, or Hinduism. The vast majority of Indonesian higher education institutions (HEIs) are smaller private providers of lesser quality, while admission into public universities is highly competitive. The system was elitist and accessible only to the select few. The admissions test includes general subjects (mathematics, Indonesian, English), as well as subjects related to the intended area of concentration (for example, science subjects for STEM fields). TVET is prioritized in order to alleviate severe skilled labor shortages. The country’s qualifications framework, established in 2012 to facilitate mobility between academic programs and the recognition of prior learning, illustrates the different subsystems and how they are related. That’s a higher percentage than in poorer ASEAN countries like Cambodia and Myanmar, but significantly below levels in Thailand, Malaysia, or Vietnam, which spent 4.1 percent (2013), 4.8 percent (2016), and 5.65 percent (2013), respectively, of their GDPs on education. This map of Indonesia’s education system was developed using UNESCO’s International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) which was designed “to facilitate comparisons of education statistics and indicators across countries on the basis of uniform and internationally agreed definitions” (UNESCO, 2011).Please click on the image to view it in more detail. (35.3 %, rank 37/41 , 2018) Download Indicator, The percentage of four-year-olds in early childhood and primary education in Indonesia is one of the lowest among OECD and partner countries with available data. Community academies were initially set up as public institutions specifically designed to prepare students, including adult students, for local employment and to prioritize the labor needs of the regions where they are located. AIMS supports study abroad for one semester at participating institutions in the ASEAN. Spending on tertiary education and research is particularly low with the MHRT receiving only 9 percent of all education allocations in 2018. How does socio-economic status influence entry into tertiary education? The most popular fields of study are STEM fields (33.1 percent total), followed by business and management (28 percent). Indonesia has made notable progress in raising attainment levels in primary and secondary school. As the World Bank’s Country Director for Indonesia Rodrigo A. Chaves has noted, the “middle class holds the key to unlocking the potential of Indonesia. International student enrollment dropped in the wake of U.S. government-imposed visa restrictions and the globally unpopular 2003 Iraq war. S2 Magister programs are relatively new in Indonesia and were not established on a larger scale until the beginning of the 1990s, initially only at public institutions. All Rights Reserved. These straddle secondary and post-secondary education and lead to the award of a one-year post-secondary diploma (D1) in addition to a senior secondary school diploma. Indonesian is the official language of instruction in the school system, although Indonesia’s various spoken languages may also be used at the local level in the first years of elementary education. (15.2 Ratio, rank 9/41 , 2018) Download Indicator, The share of women among teaching staff in primary education is one of the smallest among OECD and partner countries with available data. Religious institutions, meanwhile, are overseen by the powerful Ministry of Religious Affairs. Such measures notwithstanding, the existing funding structures and high financial burdens on private households tend to perpetuate social inequalities in Indonesia. This trend has coincided with a 611 percent increase in Indonesian degree students studying in Saudi Arabia, from 254 in 2010 to 1,806 in 2017. For more information, visit the WES website. Not only does Indonesia have by far the largest student age population in the ASEAN, it also has the third-largest population under the age of 25 in the entire world: More than 117 million in 2017, following only India (616,550,830) and China (417,665,920). (7 %, rank 41/45 , 2018) Download Indicator, The share of doctoral graduates in the field of business, administration and law in Indonesia is relatively large. (56.8 %, rank 31/40 , 2018) Download Indicator, Compared to 2015, total governement expenditure is relatively high. Education policies: Access and Participation - Early Childhood Education, Starting Strong 2017: Key OECD Indicators on Early Childhood Education and Care, Starting Strong V: Transitions from Early Childhood Education and Care to Primary Education. They typically require the completion of 144 to 150 credit units of course work and a thesis. Existing shortcomings are amplified by the rapid growth of the system and the mushrooming of low-quality private providers absorbing the surging demand. Religious schools are largely private. Requirements at most private institutions are typically less strenuous than at public HEIs. While. Until recently they were frequented by both the children of expats and wealthy Indonesian elites, but government directives from 2014 related to the strengthening of the “moral character” of Indonesian youth barred Indonesian nationals from attending wholly foreign-owned schools, which were renamed “foreign education institutions.” Instead, Indonesians can attend so-called “joint cooperation schools” which are locally owned but accredited overseas. (93.7 %, rank 2/41 , 2019) Download Indicator, The employment rate among 25-64 year-olds with a doctoral or equivalent tertiary education degree is high compared to other OECD and partner countries. Elementary education (pendidikan dasar) lasts for six years (grades one to six). However, legislation from 2005 made it mandatory for teachers to have a four-year university degree (Sarjana Pendidikan) or a Diploma 4 in education order to qualify for public professional teacher allowances. 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