[54] Instead, the Guise brothers sent ambassadors to negotiate a settlement. On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss[6] or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign. His Catholic birthright did not enamour him to the powerful Scottish lords and against their advice and strong protestations, Mary married Henry on July 29th, 1565 in the Chapel at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh. [191] Elizabeth's principal secretaries, Sir Francis Walsingham and William Cecil, Lord Burghley, watched Mary carefully with the aid of spies placed in her household. [242], Historian Jenny Wormald concluded that Mary was a tragic failure, who was unable to cope with the demands placed on her,[243] but hers was a rare dissenting view in a post-Fraser tradition that Mary was a pawn in the hands of scheming noblemen. [190] Early the following year, Moray was assassinated. The second blow severed the neck, except for a small bit of sinew, which the executioner cut through using the axe. [27], King Henry II of France proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis. After spending the night at Dundrennan Abbey, she crossed the Solway Firth into England by fishing boat on 16 May. Second Marriage: Mary Queen of Scots to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley In 1565 Mary married her cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, an English nobleman. At last, a dance partner that she did not tower over! The originals, written in French, were possibly destroyed in 1584 by Mary's son. Less than a year after the birth of his and Mary's only child, King James VI of Scotland and I of England, Darnley was murdered at Kirk o' Field in 1567. [218] The scaffold that was erected in the Great Hall was draped in black cloth. [92], Mary's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant lords, including Lords Argyll and Glencairn, in open rebellion. He sent copies to Elizabeth, saying that if they were genuine, they might prove Mary's guilt. In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he was found murdered in the garden. [174], On 26 January 1569, Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle[177] and placed in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury and his formidable wife Bess of Hardwick. [197] Elizabeth also rejected the association because she did not trust Mary to cease plotting against her during the negotiations. James went along with the idea for a while, but eventually rejected it and signed an alliance treaty with Elizabeth, abandoning his mother. Her recovery from 25 October onwards was credited to the skill of her French physicians. [141] Defeated, she fled south. Her only condition was the immediate alleviation of the conditions of her captivity. [160], Mary's biographers, such as Antonia Fraser, Alison Weir, and John Guy, have come to the conclusion that either the documents were complete forgeries,[161] or incriminating passages were inserted into genuine letters,[162] or the letters were written to Bothwell by a different person or written by Mary to a different person. Darnley was found dead in the garden, apparently smothered. Mary was accompanied by her own court including two illegitimate half-brothers, and the "four Marys" (four girls her own age, all named Mary), who were the daughters of some of the noblest families in Scotland: Beaton, Seton, Fleming, and Livingston. "[8] His House of Stuart had gained the throne of Scotland in the 14th century via the marriage of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce, to Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland. [34] At the French court, she was a favourite with everyone, except Henry II's wife Catherine de' Medici. After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586, and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle. Chastelard was tried for treason and beheaded. Even the one significant later addition to the council, Lord Ruthven in December 1563, was another Protestant whom Mary personally disliked. Her husband was a sickly youth and by the end of 1560 he was dead. English forces mounted a series of raids on Scottish and French territory. Regent Arran resisted the move, but backed down when Beaton's armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow. Robert Stedall assesses the evidence. Mary's life, marriages, lineage, alleged involvement in plots against Elizabeth, and subsequent execution established her as a divisive and highly romanticised historical character, depicted in culture for centuries. [15] The treaty provided that the two countries would remain legally separate and, if the couple should fail to have children, the temporary union would dissolve. [182] Her chambers were decorated with fine tapestries and carpets, as well as her cloth of state on which she had the French phrase, En ma fin est mon commencement ("In my end lies my beginning"), embroidered. [185] She was occasionally allowed outside under strict supervision,[186] spent seven summers at the spa town of Buxton, and spent much of her time doing embroidery. The whole idea was pre-planned. [18] The Earl of Lennox escorted Mary and her mother to Stirling on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men. [239] Differing interpretations persisted into the 18th century: William Robertson and David Hume argued that the casket letters were genuine and that Mary was guilty of adultery and murder, while William Tytler argued the reverse. [139], On 2 May 1568, Mary escaped from Loch Leven Castle with the aid of George Douglas, brother of Sir William Douglas, the castle's owner. Since Mary was 6′ tall she must have found this to be a pleasant change from the smaller stature of the Scottish lords who attended her at court. [158] The surviving copies, in French or translated into English, do not form a complete set. For the list of documents see, for example, Embroideries by Mary are also kept in the, Two of the commissioners were Catholics (, Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James, "Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&oldid=1017709663, People executed by Tudor England by decapitation, People executed under the Tudors for treason against England, Heads of government who were later imprisoned, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 April 2021, at 06:42. The 1971 film Mary, Queen of Scots starred Vanessa Redgrave as Mary and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth, with Timothy Dalton as Darnley. [119] In the early hours of the morning, an explosion devastated Kirk o' Field. [21], Shortly before Mary's coronation, Henry arrested Scottish merchants headed for France and impounded their goods. [121][122] Bothwell, Moray, Secretary Maitland, the Earl of Morton and Mary herself were among those who came under suspicion. [30], With her marriage agreement in place, five-year-old Mary was sent to France to spend the next thirteen years at the French court. Mary's numbers were boosted by the release and restoration to favour of Lord Huntly's son and the return of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, from exile in France. [10] Rumours spread that she was weak and frail,[11] but an English diplomat, Ralph Sadler, saw the infant at Linlithgow Palace in March 1543, unwrapped by her nurse, and wrote, "it is as goodly a child as I have seen of her age, and as like to live. Their only child was to become James 1 of England. She approached Maitland, her Secretary of State, while recuperating at Jedburgh to see if a way could be found to provide a divorce without sullying her honour. [210], She was convicted on 25 October and sentenced to death with only one commissioner, Lord Zouche, expressing any form of dissent. [199] In April, Mary was placed in the stricter custody of Sir Amias Paulet. [23] The rejection of the marriage treaty and the renewal of the alliance between France and Scotland prompted Henry's "Rough Wooing", a military campaign designed to impose the marriage of Mary to his son. Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley After the debacle with Mary Tudor, Cecil was determined to prevent another Catholic succeeding to the English throne. [62] Scotland was torn between Catholic and Protestant factions. The life of Mary Queen of Scots - Married 3 times, imprisoned and … She refused to attend the inquiry at York personally but sent representatives. It is impossible now to prove either way. When Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley arrived in Edinburgh from England in 1565, Rizzio curried favor with him and urged Mary to marry him. He became the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots and the father of the future James VI of Scotland and I of England. [163] Guy points out that the letters are disjointed and that the French language and grammar employed in the sonnets are too poor for a writer with Mary's education. [88] Their children, if any, would inherit an even stronger, combined claim. https://historyweblog.com/2019/01/mary-queen-of-scots-marries-lord-darnley [29] The English left a trail of devastation behind them once more and seized the strategic town of Haddington. [100] On 9 March, a group of the conspirators accompanied by Darnley murdered Rizzio in front of the pregnant Mary at a dinner party in Holyrood Palace. [89] Mary's insistence on the marriage seems to have stemmed from passion rather than calculation; the English ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton stated "the saying is that surely she [Queen Mary] is bewitched",[90] adding that the marriage could only be averted "by violence". This legendary statement came true much later—not through Mary, but through her great-great-granddaughter Anne, Queen of Great Britain. [231], Mary's request to be buried in France was refused by Elizabeth. [222] As she disrobed Mary smiled and said she "never had such grooms before ... nor ever put off her clothes before such a company". [98] Mary refused his request and their marriage grew strained, although they conceived by October 1565. [64] She summoned him to her presence to remonstrate with him but was unsuccessful. [136] On 24 July, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James. [106] The ride was later used as evidence by Mary's enemies that the two were lovers, though no suspicions were voiced at the time and Mary had been accompanied by her councillors and guards. [120] There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body. He ignored the edict. [196], In 1584, Mary proposed an "association" with her son, James. [165], The casket letters did not appear publicly until the Conference of 1568, although the Scottish privy council had seen them by December 1567. [131] The marriage was tempestuous, and Mary became despondent. [226], When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth, she became indignant and asserted that Davison had disobeyed her instructions not to part with the warrant and that the Privy Council had acted without her authority. They had things in common: both … He had a twinkle in his eye and was a nifty dancer. Mary's guardians, fearful for her safety, sent her to Inchmahome Priory for no more than three weeks, and turned to the French for help. [212], Elizabeth asked Paulet, Mary's final custodian, if he would contrive a clandestine way to "shorten the life" of Mary, which he refused to do on the grounds that he would not make "a shipwreck of my conscience, or leave so great a blot on my poor posterity". If Bothwell could be persuaded to marry Mary after he had organized Darnley’s murder, it would make a crime of passion seem credible. [78], In contrast, a French poet at Mary's court, Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard, was apparently besotted with Mary. [117] Mary visited him daily, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in progress. Mary had once claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics, including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North. Norfolk was executed and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent. [97], Before long, Darnley grew arrogant. However before the sum could be paid in secret by a single hor… The following year, her father-in-law, Henry II, died in a jousting accident. [219], The executioner Bull and his assistant knelt before her and asked forgiveness, as it was typical for the executioner to request the pardon of the one being put to death. [188], In May 1569, Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration of Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion, but a convention held at Perth rejected the deal overwhelmingly. [151] As evidence against Mary, Moray presented the so-called casket letters[152]—eight unsigned letters purportedly from Mary to Bothwell, two marriage contracts, and a love sonnet or sonnets. Lady Keira and Lord Darnley want to get married. [36] Her future sister-in-law, Elisabeth of Valois, became a close friend of whom Mary "retained nostalgic memories in later life". [87] Although her advisors had brought the couple together, Elizabeth felt threatened by the marriage because as descendants of her aunt, both Mary and Darnley were claimants to the English throne. [83] Mary fell in love with the "long lad", as Queen Elizabeth called him since he was over six feet tall. However, the murder of Rizzio led inevitably to the breakdown of her marriage. [80] Maitland claimed that Chastelard's ardour was feigned and that he was part of a Huguenot plot to discredit Mary by tarnishing her reputation.[81]. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southward seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed Queen Elizabeth I of England. [130], Originally, Mary believed that many nobles supported her marriage, but relations quickly soured between the newly elevated Bothwell (created Duke of Orkney) and his former peers and the marriage proved to be deeply unpopular. Men say that, instead of seizing the murderers, you are looking through your fingers while they escape; that you will not seek revenge on those who have done you so much pleasure, as though the deed would never have taken place had not the doers of it been assured of impunity. [56], King Francis II died on 5 December 1560 of a middle ear infection that led to an abscess in his brain. [37] Mary's maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Bourbon, was another strong influence on her childhood[38] and acted as one of her principal advisors. 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